The Laurisilva Forest of Madeira is a subtropical, evergreen forest that covers approximately 15,000 hectares, primarily in the north-central region of the island. It is one of the most significant and well-preserved examples of laurel forest in the world and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999. The forest occupies steep valleys and slopes between altitudes of roughly 300 and 1,300 metres and is maintained by the island’s high humidity and mild climate.
Laurisilva is a relict forest type, representing vegetation that once covered much of southern Europe during the Tertiary period. It consists primarily of broad-leaved evergreen trees, including species such as Laurus novocanariensis, Ocotea foetens, and Persea indica. The forest also contains mosses, ferns, and lichen, with a high number of endemic species adapted to the moist conditions and volcanic soil.
The forest plays a crucial role in Madeira’s hydrological system. It captures and retains moisture from clouds and mist, feeding the network of levadas (irrigation channels) that distribute water across the island. Its ecological importance also includes soil stabilisation and biodiversity conservation.
Laurisilva supports a variety of fauna, including native birds such as the Madeira firecrest, the trocaz pigeon (Columba trocaz), and several invertebrate species found only in Madeira. The forest is largely protected within Madeira Natural Park and is managed for conservation, scientific study, and regulated ecotourism.
Access to the Laurisilva Forest is primarily through marked trails, including several levada walks such as Levada do Caldeirão Verde, Levada do Rei, and Levada do Furado. These routes pass through dense woodland, narrow tunnels, and valleys with frequent viewpoints. Most trails are of moderate difficulty and are well maintained, attracting walkers throughout the year.
While no settlements exist within the forest itself, nearby villages such as Ribeiro Frio and São Jorge serve as access points. The Laurisilva Forest is a central feature of Madeira’s natural heritage, offering visitors a rare opportunity to experience a primeval ecosystem within a protected and accessible environment.