St. Peter’s Square (Piazza San Pietro) is a magnificent public space situated in the heart of Vatican City, just steps away from St. Peter’s Basilica. Designed by the renowned Baroque architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini in the 17th century, this expansive elliptical plaza serves as a stunning gateway to the spiritual heart of the Catholic Church.
St. Peter’s Square is embraced by two colossal colonnades, each consisting of four rows of Doric columns, which represent the welcoming arms of the Church. At the center of the square stands a towering, 25-meter high Egyptian obelisk, originally erected in Heliopolis before being transported to Rome by Emperor Caligula in 37 AD. Flanking the obelisk are two striking fountains designed by Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, which provide a sense of balance and harmony to the space.
A visit to St. Peter’s Square is incomplete without acknowledging the significance of the plaza’s namesake, St. Peter. According to tradition, the first pope was crucified on the site of the square, and his remains are said to be interred beneath the high altar of St. Peter’s Basilica. As a testament to his legacy, the square hosts important religious events, including papal audiences and the proclamation of new popes, drawing thousands of pilgrims and visitors from around the world.
St. Peter’s Square is not only a symbol of Catholicism but also a celebration of artistic genius and architectural prowess. As you stroll through the plaza and admire the intricate details of the colonnades, fountains, and the obelisk, you’ll be immersed in the rich history and spirituality that make this iconic square a must-visit destination in Vatican City.
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The Main Places of Interest in St Peter’s Square
St. Peter’s Basilica
The centerpiece of the square, St. Peter’s Basilica is one of the largest churches in the world and an architectural marvel. It is home to many artistic masterpieces, including Michelangelo’s Pieta and Bernini’s Baldachin.
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The Obelisk
Standing at the center of St. Peter’s Square, the Egyptian obelisk was brought to Rome in 37 AD by Emperor Caligula and moved to its current location in 1586, under Pope Sixtus V’s directive. The sphere atop the obelisk was once believed to contain Julius Caesar’s ashes. The obelisk has a long history and is a striking focal point in the square.
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The Colonnades
Bernini’s monumental colonnades embrace the square in a semi-circular formation, symbolizing the welcoming arms of the church. The colonnades are adorned with 140 statues of saints, adding to the grandeur of the space. The statues represent saints from different periods and regions, including apostles, martyrs, bishops, popes, and founders of religious orders.
Some notable statues on the Colonnades include:
- Saint Peter: As one of the twelve apostles and the first bishop of Rome, St. Peter’s statue is a prominent feature of the colonnades. He is often depicted holding the keys to the kingdom of heaven, symbolizing his foundational role in the establishment of the church.
- Saint Paul: Another important figure in the colonnades is St. Paul, the apostle who spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. He is often depicted holding a sword, representing the instrument of his martyrdom.
- Saint Helena: The mother of Emperor Constantine the Great, St. Helena is credited with finding the True Cross on which Jesus was crucified. She is often depicted holding the cross as her attribute.
- Saint Ignatius of Loyola: The founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), St. Ignatius is portrayed in a distinctive pose, looking upwards and holding a book that represents his Spiritual Exercises.
- Saint Francis of Assisi: The founder of the Franciscan Order, St. Francis is depicted in humble attire, reflecting his commitment to a life of simplicity and his dedication to the poor.
The Vatican Museums
Located within Vatican City, the Vatican Museums are home to an incredible collection of art, including the renowned Sistine Chapel, adorned with Michelangelo’s frescoes.
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The Swiss Guard
The colorful and traditional uniforms of the Swiss Guard are a distinctive sight in St. Peter’s Square. The guards are responsible for the Pope’s safety and the security of Vatican City.
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The Papal Audience
When in Rome, visitors can attend the Papal Audience, a gathering held by the Pope in St. Peter’s Square, usually on Wednesdays. It is an opportunity to witness the Pope delivering blessings and addressing the crowd.
Maderno Fountain (Fontana del Maderno)
The fountain was designed by Carlo Maderno (1612-1614). Commissioned by Pope Paul V, this Baroque-style fountain features an octagonal basin, central column, and decorative lion heads.
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Bernini Fountain (Fontana del Bernini)
The fountain was designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1667-1677). This elegant Baroque fountain mirrors its counterpart, the Maderno Fountain, in form and scale.
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